37-8. The Scottish Ambulance Unit, led by Fernanda Jacobsen and created by Daniel Macaulay Stevenson (the ex Lord Provost of Glasgow and the contemporary Chancellor of Glasgow University) in 1936, acted as a mobile medical service on first the Toledo front and later during the Siege of Madrid. George Murray with an unknown member of the nursing staff. McLauchlin, Mark. [26] Scottish Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War comprised 23% of the estimated 2,400 men and women who travelled from Great Britain to serve in the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War. Scotland and Ireland supplied many volunteers, more than other countries going by population; they remain an inspiration to everyone who strives for a better more equal society. Davie Anderson (back row second left) John Londragon (back row first right) Alf Christie (middle row second left) William Dunbar (first right, middle row) Bob Cooney (second right, first row) Robert Simpson (first right, first row) Picture Courtesy of WCML. [16] Levels of desertion were relatively low and/or unreported, with the exception of the ‘Round Robin Deserters’ who returned to Scotland when confronted with the high casualties at the Jarama front, and who were subsequently pilloried for their actions by both the press and their peers. JAMES MALEY Scottish volunteer with the International Brigade, political activist. Many settled in the Notting Hill area. "Last surviving Scot to fight in Spanish Civil War dies", The Scotsman, 05/03/2008. [6] Recruitment was further boosted by individuals' disillusionment with the government in Westminster in signing the Non-Intervention Treaty on 4 August 1936 and with the initial support of non-intervention by both the National Labour Party and the Trades Union Congress. / Yesterday, when we were young, the trip was longer and devious / And our cause lay footsore over the mountains and through the valleys. Robert Ramsay “Bob” Smillie was a Scottish volunteer who joined the Spanish Civil War in the contingent of the Independent Labour Party (ILP) and who died in 1937 under strange circumstances. [32] Public interest is also a visible phenomenon. Abstract. Smaller Brigades — the 86th, 129th and 150th - were formed in late 1937 and 1938, mostly for temporary tactical reasons. Daily Worker 17/12/1938. Memorial ceremony for the five Aberdeen Brigaders who gave their lives in Spain. Extensive commemoration began in 1996 for the 60th anniversary and memorial plaques, pamphlets and exhibitions were produced in Glasgow, Edinburgh, Dundee and Aberdeen by local Trades Councils, remaining International Brigaders and their relatives. They saw extended action first at the Battle of Jarama and later at Brunete; both battles saw high levels of Scottish casualties. [30] Captain Archibald Maule Ramsay, the Scottish Unionist MP for Peebles, formed the United Christian Front, whose manifesto alleged that Franco's forces were engaged in fighting the Anti-Christ in Spain, while Major-General Sir Walter Maxwell-Scott formed the Scottish Friends of National Spain, whose first meeting is notable for denying that the attack on Guernica was air-based, and resulting in a riot with pro-Republican protestors. The bodies of fallen Aberdeen Brigaders, Archie Dewar and Tom Davidson were wrapped in the above Spanish Republican flag. Bob Cooney then sent it back to Aberdeen. Little surprise, then, that … Man's dearest possession is life, and since it is given to him to live but once, he must live so as to feel no torturing regrets. Quartet Books, 1996. "Remembering the Spanish Civil War: 1936–1939". In aiding the Spanish Republican government against the military coup orchestrated by General Francisco Franco in the summer of 1936, Scottish volunteers identified with the potential for social progressive change that Spain represented at the time. born: 8/6/1912, Rosyth, Fife, Scotland. Scots veterans, Glasgow 1986: left. Born: 19 February, 1908, in Glasgow. Decorated for bravery. This year will hopefully see a revised issue of the booklet which tells the history of the men and women from Aberdeen and Aberdeenshire who fought fascism in the Spanish Civil War. Scottish veterans: left Garry McCartney, Syd Quinn (third right) Anne Murray, Donald Renton. Interview with International Brigade veteran David Anderson in Ian MacDougall, "Voices from the Spanish Civil War". Opponents to the Republic fell primarily into one of two categories: they either supported Franco and Falangist ideologies, or they opposed the Republicans on the grounds of anti-communism and the atrocities perpetuated by republican forces upon Christians and the Catholic Church in Spain. [3] Scottish life in the 1930s was characterised by high levels of unemployment, threatened redundancies and living standards which had resulted in the highest death rate in northern Europe[4] Many volunteers had previously been involved in extensive labour struggles and protests against Oswald Mosely's British Union of Fascists, believing that left-wing politics offered an escape from poverty. Banner in front of the Caird Hall, Dundee, with the names of the men from the city who fell fighting fascism at Jarama in Spain. The Murray family, whose service to Republican Spain was second to none, Left: Tom Murray, Anne Murray and George Murray. The original booklet that was published in 1996 named 19 men from Aberdeen, including 5 who died: By The Newsroom. Frank and his comrades advanced towards the village of Lopera, a few miles west of Andujar. Edinburgh: Polygon Press, 1986, pp. Single. The majority came from industrial, construction, shipbuilding and mining industries, with political and trades union activity behind them. [31], The Spanish Civil War has become an emerging topic for historians in Spain and in countries which housed significant numbers of International Brigaders. This small group of British volunteers was made up of men who had already been in Spain prior to the War breaking out or left to join just after. 408-32. [19], While the International Brigaders were met widespread local appreciation upon their return to Scotland, the official view was considerably more frosty, with the Foreign Office requesting that the volunteers reimburse the government for the funds (3 pound, 19.3d) per head that had been required to pay their passage home from Spain. [11] Politically, just over half of the volunteers were affiliated with the Communist Party of Great Britain, while a much smaller number were affiliated with the Labour Party and other left-wing groups. Picture courtesy of the People's History Museum, Manchester. [2], The majority of the Scottish men and women who supported the Spanish Republic were affiliated with socialist, communist and trade-unionist entities. Although the documents uncovered require further analysis, they allow for some preliminary conclusions about Smillie’s fate, particularly the reasons for his arrest by the Republican authorities. The Scottish contingent took heavy casualties in both battles. My thanks to Stuart Walsh and the WCML for this picture. Symposium notice archived at the National Library of Scotland website: Press release and sample footage available at: See Colin Williams et al, "Memorials of the Spanish Civil War", Alan Sutton Publishing Limited,1996. The International Brigades VOLUNTEERS from Rutherglen and Cambuslang who fought in the Spanish Civil war are set to be honoured in Rutherglen Town Hall. A food ship carrying 100 tons of food for those under siege in Spain was chartered and sent by a collaborative venture from the Edinburgh and Glasgow Trades Councils, while in Dundee, the Basque Children's Committee was created in order to provide an accommodation for children from the Basque region who had been evacuated to southern England in 1937. 89–99. *549 will be accompanied by a pop up installation and interactive website (549.scot) celebrating local volunteers of the International Brigade supported by … [20] Ex-Brigaders could find it difficult to enlist in the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy, although by mid-1940, as the urgency of Britain's situation grew clear, these restrictions were relaxed. [24] While an attempt to create a national support movement through uniting the CPGB, the ILP and the Socialist League wing of the Labour Party proved unsuccessful, local activity remained strong: at the Glasgow May Day Rally of 1937, 15,000 people turned out to march under the banner of ‘Solidarity with Spain’ while Dundonians in that same year raised enough money to buy and send an ambulance to the Republican front.[25]. [7], The first organised group from Scotland to go into Spain was a medical unit. The Banner of the Scottish Contingent of the British Battalion, XV International Brigade which was given to Glasgow Museums in 1986. Although the international Brigade started as poorly armed, mostly untrained groups, organised by Spain’s Republican government and the Soviet U After the coup against Spain’s Republican government in 1936, up to 35,000 men and women from over 60 countries came together as volunteers to fight for two years against the forces of fascism, led by General Francisco Franco. Aberdeen Trades Council, 1996, p. 10. "Apprentices of Freedom". Communist MP, Willie Gallagher (centre) with Brigader Joe Fuhr (left) and CP Member and Trade Unionist, Tom Mann, who is holding the banner on the right. Emigrated to Canada in 1937. Actions participated in: Fuentes de Ebro, Teruel, Belchite, Gandesa, Ebro. Thomas Watters, who has died aged 99, was the last known survivor of the 550 volunteers from Scotland who served in the Spanish Civil War of 1936-39. Unnamed interviewer, interview with Aberdonian International Brigade veteran John Londragan, "In Question" Northsound Radio, 30/03/1989. The first brigades were composed mostly of French, Belgian, Italian, and German volunteers, backed by a sizeable contingent of Polish miners from Northern France and Belgium. Aberdeen Brigaders from left: Archie Dewar (killed 17/3/1938) Battalion Commissar Bob Cooney and Bob Simpson. Both were member's of No.2 Company, Anglo-US 20th Battalion, 86th Brigade, which fought on the Pozoblanco sector, Cordoba Front from April-May 1937. Aberdeen Volunteers return home. Served in the Canadian Army during WW2. 12–15. Their decision to personally intervene in the Spanish Civil War placed these Scots at a crucial juncture in history. In Scotland, the International Brigaders are chiefly recognized now for articulating at the time that the Spanish Civil War was effectively the opening salvo of the Second World War. Available at: Scott, George. [13], No organised military recruitment process existed at the beginning, and few Scots travelled to Spain before the winter of 1936-7, when the Communist Party started organising parties of volunteers and paying their travel expenses, after which the number of Scottish volunteers rose markedly. / Just a short flip and we are there. [5] Concurrent with a background of political activism for many of the volunteers was the viewpoint that if Fascism went unchecked in Spain, it would soon spread to Great Britain. An International Brigade banner and a number of volunteers are pictured on board the Habana, which brought nearly 4,000 refugee children from Republican Spain to Britain in May 1937. Even then, particularly for those heavily involved in the Communist Party, it could often be difficult to obtain overseas postings or promotions and many former volunteers were subject to surveillance in civilian and military life for years afterwards. 28/11/1938: Report from the Aberdeen Press and Journal concerning the previous night's memorial service. [22], In Scotland, the creation of the Aid for Spain movement worked to raise both funds and awareness of the Republican movement (Gray, 103). Some 2,200 volunteers arrived from Britain to eventually form the British Battalion (also known as the Storm Troop, because they were often first into battle), as part of the International Brigades. [37] In "An Roghainn" ("The Choice"), the poet expresses disappointment about his decision to stay in Scotland. 6 Clearly the memory of Spain, the International Brigades and Glasgow’s historical role has been at least partly preserved beyond living memory. The Journal of Scottish Historical Studies is the journal of the Economic & Social History Society of Scotland, publishing the very best research in the rich social, economic and cultural history of Scotland and Scottishness, as well as historical geography, anthropology and historical theory. Between 1936 and 1939, around 2,000 British volunteers fought in the 15th International Brigade in Spain. Monday, 16th April 2007, 1:36 am. Gray, Daniel. This was the English-speaking section of the international force mobilised to defend the Republican government against the Fascist army of General Franco. Check out this great site dedicated to the International Brigades run by Kevin Buyers. Received passport No. Member of the Chapayev Battalion of the XIII International Brigade. Available online at: Evening Citizen "Robeson Encored in Glasgow" published 19/8/1938, reprinted in Scott,1996, p. 11. 92-114. Not centred on the volunteers as such (though one of the characters does end up joining the International Brigades) is Jessie Burton’s The Muse, focus of 2018 CityRead London. [15], Scottish International Brigaders chiefly saw service in Spain as part of the British Battalion, formed in January 1937 as part of the XVth International Brigade. Left: James Maley (third left, partially hidden) right: Gary McCartney, Tom Murray, Donald Renton, Tommy Bloomfield, Tom Clarke (centre, with glasses). At the moment it is centred on English-speaking brigaders, but looks like it will expand to more. Monuments recognizing the Scottish volunteers can be found in each of Scotland's major cities. [21], The last Scottish International Brigade veteran, Steve Fullerton, died in 2008. "The Story of Aberdeen's Communists" in Scott, 1996, pp. International Brigaders captured by Franco's forces throughout the three-year conflict were either executed, repatriated back to Britain under threat of death upon re-entry, or held in Spanish prisons for the remainder of the war. In East Germany, former International Brigades volunteers founded and ran the notorious Stasi. [10] The bulk of Scottish International Brigaders came from working-class backgrounds, and from the urban and industrialized areas of Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Fife, Lanarkshire and Glasgow. [17] The Ebro offensive and the victory at Sandesco in 1938 both gave hope to the Republican armies, however, the three days of fighting at Sierra Lavell resulted in heavy Scottish casualties. Home: Vancover, Canada. While the British Union of Fascists rarely found a stronghold in Scotland,[27] the population of Scotland was not uniformely pro-Republican either. The first organised group from Scotland to go into Spain was a medical unit. May Day 1939: Glasgow Green. 25 children eventually travelled to Scotland to reside at Mall Park in Montrose, and 200 refugee children were taken in by the Co-operative Society in Rothesay. Much of his earlier poetry focuses on the war, such as "Cornford" about British poets John Cornford and Julian Bell and the Spanish writer Federico García Lorca, who all died as a result of the war. Cambridge University Press, 1997, p.6. "James Maley". Raeburn, Scots and the Spanish Civil War, p. 51. "Britain and the Spanish Civil War". Arrived in Spain: 21/12/1936. 380662 on March 30, 1937. The recent event was the release by MI5 of all the names of those British volunteers who joined the International Brigades to fight Fascism in Spain in 19 36. Sister Anne was also in Spain working as a nurse. The Scottish volunteers, who were mainly working-class men from urban areas, mostly joined the British Battalion of the XVth International Brigade. Brothers George and Tom Murray in Spain. "The plane slips evenly forward through the dark night. This banner was never actually in Spain but was used at reunion's and funerals of the Scottish Brigaders. [28] Papers such as the "Daily Mail" and the "Daily Express" often functioned as anti-Republican propaganda, as did (to a lesser extent) the "Glasgow Evening Express". [36], The renowned Scottish Gaelic poet Sorley Maclean had strong sympathies with the Republicans. 1974: Scottish Brigader's show solidarity with Rolls Royce workers who refused to work on engines for Pinochets' Chilean air-force. Rank: Sergeant. [38] This was put to a tune and is sung on the album by North Uist singer Julie Fowlis.[39]. 98 International Brigade Volunteers dependants each week by September 1937, or approximately twelve shillings per dependant on average.36 Even single volunteers might have elderly relatives who relied on them, such as a volunteer named Riddell, who complained after the battle of Jarama that his mother was not receiving the 10 shillings per week that she had been promised.37 The role this played in enabling … Over 500 Scots journeyed to Spain to fight on behalf of the Spanish Republic as part of the International Brigades, alongside some 35,000 other foreign volunteers. Later, the XIVth and XVth Brigades were raised, mixing experienced soldiers with new volunteers. Theatre Scotland. 549, a play with songs and storytelling, is a timely insight into one of Scotland’s almost forgotten conflicts. In the photo British Volunteers in Barcelona, December 1936. Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gh16dOQGPmA&feature=relmfu, http://markfisher.theatrescotland.com/Writer/Articles/jamesmaley.html, http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/Last-surviving-Scot--to.3846581.jp, http://www.nls.uk/news/archive/2006/11/images-and-memories-of-the-spanish-civil-war, http://scotland.stv.tv/history/113745-scots-who-fought-franco-in-spanish-civil-war-remembered, "An Roghainn Dàin Do Eibhir XXII (The Choice) – Julie Fowlis Song – BBC Music", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_volunteers_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War&oldid=1013562104, Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from April 2016, Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from April 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 22 March 2021, at 09:01. ' Movement worth a read Herald and Glasgow Observer '', the and! With Rolls Royce workers who refused to work on engines for Pinochets Chilean... 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