The mammalian circadian timing system is considerably more complicated than this simple linear scheme, because it is composed of a hierarchy of circadian oscillators (Fig. The caudal raphe nuclei (RMg/RPa/Rob; green) extend from the rostral medulla to the caudal pons and provide inputs to the brain stem and spinal cord. The encoded protein terminates the action of serotonin and recycles it in a sodium-dependent manner. The location of the pontine raphe is indicated in Figure 3.13 . The rostral group consists of the caudal linear nuclei (B8), the dorsal raphe nuclei (B6 and B7) and the median raphe nuclei (B5, B8 and B9), that project into multiple cortical and subcortical structures. At the pinnacle of this oscillatory system is a small brain area, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus. The brain controls the heart directly through the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system, ... the pontine sublaterodorsal and PPT nuclei, and the vestibular and raphe obscurus medullary nuclei ... 1994 Innervation of the human cardiac conduction system. Dopaminergic pathways, sometimes called dopamine pathways or dopaminergic projections, are the sets of projection neurons in the brain that synthesize and release the neurotransmitter dopamine. This gene encodes an integral membrane protein that transports the neurotransmitter serotonin from synaptic spaces into presynaptic neurons. Moreover, serotonergic genetic factors influencing perinatal brain development strongly interact with environmental factors, in particular social living conditions. The cell bodies of the neurons produce the enzymes … This protein is a target of psychomotor stimulants, such as amphetamines and cocaine, and is a member of the sodium:neurotransmitter symporter family. The raphe nuclei have widespread projections throughout the central nervous system (Figure 3.15). Individual neurons in these pathways are referred to as dopamine neurons.Dopamine neurons have axons that run the entire length of the pathway. The human reticular formation is composed of almost 100 brain nuclei and contains many projections into the forebrain, brainstem, and cerebellum, among other regions. Obesity and aging are two important epidemic factors for metabolic syndrome and many other health issues, which contribute to devastating diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, stroke and cancers. The serotonergic system is strongly involved in regulating a wide range of behaviors. It includes the reticular nuclei, reticulothalamic projection fibers, diffuse thalamocortical projections, ascending cholinergic projections, descending non-cholinergic projections, and descending reticulospinal projections. This includes social behavior and communication (Mosienko et al., Molecular Autism, 2015). The brain plays a central role in controlling metabolic physiology in that it integrates information from other metabolic organs, sends regulatory projections and orchestrates the whole … The serotonin nuclei may also be divided into two main groups, the rostral and caudal containing three and four nuclei respectively. 39.3). A quantitative immunohistochemical and histochemical study. The vagus nerve represents the main component of the parasympathetic nervous system, which oversees a vast array of crucial bodily functions, including control of mood, immune response, digestion, and heart rate. It establishes one of the connections between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract and sends information about the state of the inner organs to the brain via afferent … Raphe magnus (RMg) is the main source of medullary serotonergic projections.
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