The first of several major hypothalamic nuclei to be discussed is the paraventricular nuclei.It is located anterior to the pathway of the fornix (arching C-shaped collection of nerve fibers) and posteroinferior to the anterior commissure. Knee: Axial MRI. Chest X-ray. Axial FLAIR & T2. Anatomy Neuroanatomy Subcortical structures. Thin-section (3 mm) small-field-of-view, nonenhanced, and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI should be performed in the axial and coronal planes, with at least one plane imaged with a fat-saturation technique. mammillary body size, signal and symmetry; 3. in FTLD typically left > right normal pressure hydrocephalus in excess of gyral widening and expect to see crowding of the gyri at the vertex Hypothalamic hamartomas, also known as tuber cinereum hamartomas, are benign non-neoplastic heterotopias in the brain that typically occur in the region of the hypothalamus, arising from the tuber cinereum, a part of the hypothalamus located between the mammillary bodies and the optic chiasm. Thorax. Start with the FLAIR axial sequences and examine: gyral atrophy, particularly useful for the frontal lobes; widening of the Sylvian fissures. Lower extremity. Abdomen: Axial MRI T2 Abdomen: Axial CT Female pelvis: Axial CT. Upper extremity. Introduction. This organization can be seen with a Nissl stain that reveals the cell bodies in a slice of the cortex (Fig. Shoulder: Axial MRI PD Wrist: Axial MRI T1. This article addresses some of the most challenging diagnostic issues in neuroimaging. In cavernous sinus CVT, routine T2-weighted, FLAIR, and nonenhanced T1-weighted MRI of the entire brain should be performed. 2, right) (Balaram et al., 2014; Cajal, 1899; Defelipe, 2011). Overview of the hypothalamus and its nuclei. Toxic and metabolic brain disorders manifest secondary to derangements of a well-balanced environment encompassing metabolic substrates, neurotransmitters, electrolytes, physiologic pH levels, and blood flow, either by endogenous malfunctions or exogenous toxic effects. Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) is the combined presence of Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) and alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome.Due to the close relationship between these two disorders, people with either are usually diagnosed with WKS as a single syndrome. The gray matter is organized into layers based on differences in cell type and sizes, as well as varying densities of these cells. The vertebral column, also known as the backbone or spine, is part of the axial skeleton.The vertebral column is the defining characteristic of a vertebrate in which the notochord (a flexible rod of uniform composition) found in all chordates has been replaced by a segmented series of bone: vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs.
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