China has instead pursued its own course, belying a … Institutionalism rejects the realist assumption that international politics is a struggle for power in which military security issues are top priority and argues that instead, force is an ineffective instrument of policy. The liberal international order, erected after the Cold War, was crumbling by 2019. In order to understand the impact of internationalism on IR theory and its criticisms we must first look at its definition and how it differs from realist perspectives. It was flawed from the start and thus destined to fail. Then, on the other side of the same coin, there is China’s hegemonic — or Sinocentric — way of thinking that China is, and should be, at the center of the international order. The rise of populism, mostly right-leaning, is the most important European political development of the 21st century. And the liberal international order has failed to lure or bind China as powerfully as expected. It seeks to explain causal and constitutive effects in international politics. International relations theory is the study of international relations (IR) from a theoretical perspective. The spread of liberal democracy around the globe—essential for building that order—faced strong resistance because of nationalism, which emphasizes self-determination.
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